Vestibular contributions to the sense of body, self, and others 1 Introduction2 Multisensory mechanisms underlying the sense of the body and self2.1 Ownership, self-location, and the first-person perspective2.1.1 Body part illusions2.1.2 Full-body illusions2.2 Agency3 The vestibular system3.1 Peripheral mechanisms3.2 Central mechanisms3.2.1 The vestibular nuclei complex and thalamus 3.2.2 Vestibular projections to the cortex 3.2.3 The PIVC as a core, multimodal, vestibular cortex4 Vestibular contributions to various aspects of the bodily self4.1 The sensory self4.1.1 Touch 4.1.2 Pain4.1.3 Interoception4.2 Body schema and body image4.3 Body ownership4.4 The acting self: Sense of agency4.5 The spatial self: Self-location 4.5.1 Behavioural studies in humans4.5.1.1 Illusory change in self-location during full-body illusions4.5.1.2 Mental own-body transformation and perspective taking4.5.1.3 Change in self-location and the feeling of presence4.5.2 Physiological and vestibular mechanisms of self-location4.5.2.1 Categories of cells coding self-location and self-orientation4.5.2.2 Place cells in the human hippocampus and “virtual” self-location 4.5.2.3 Vestibular signals and place cells4.6 The socially embedded self5 General conclusion