[1]
Such conceptions go back to thinkers such as Samuel Alexander, C. L. Morgan, and C. D. Broad, prominent figures in a philosophical movement, which came to be known as “British emergentism”. The following discussion is, however, intended to illustrate the problematic nature of the concept of emergence and not to offer an analysis of the ideas of a particular philosophical school.
[2]
It should be noted that the there is no universal definition of the term “strong emergence” in the current literature (for some alternative characterisations see Chalmers 2006; Bedau 1997; Yates 2013).
[3]
I credit this term to Datteri & Tamburrini 2007.
[4]
The concept of transparency has a number of other well-established interpretations in the literature that should not be confused with the one at issue in the present context. These include, for example, “semantic” (Clark 1989) and “phenomenal” (Metzinger 2004) transparency.