Mathematical Cognition: A Case of Enculturation1 Introduction2 Where does CI sit in the 4E landscape?2.1 Cognitive practices as cultural practices3 Enculturation: The main concepts3.1 Evolutionary continuity3.2 Behavioural and neural plasticity3.3 Transformation3.4 Novelty and uniqueness4 Numerical cognition4.1 Numerosity in animals and humans4.2 Two overlapping systems5 Mathematical practices5.1 Cognitive practices and the development of mathematical competence5.2 Continuity and transformation5.3 Novelty and uniqueness6 The incredible shrinking system6.1 Impermanent scaffolds?7 Conclusion